Systems and methods for reducing electromagnetic interference using switching frequency jittering

ABSTRACT

System and method are provided for regulating a power converter. The system includes a signal processing component configured to receive a first input signal and a second input signal, process information associated with the first input signal and the second input signal, and output a drive signal to a switch based on at least information associated with the first input signal and the second input signal. The first input signal is associated with at least a feedback signal related to an output voltage of the power converter. The second input signal is associated with at least a primary current flowing through a primary winding of the power converter. The signal processing component is further configured to change a peak value of the primary current within a first predetermined range, and change the switching frequency of the power converter within a second predetermined range.

1. CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/083,117, filed Mar. 28, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/323,458, filed Dec. 12, 2011, which claimspriority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201110342023.7, filed Oct.25, 2011, commonly assigned, all of the above-referenced applicationsbeing incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to integrated circuits. Moreparticularly, the invention provides systems and methods for reducingelectromagnetic interference (EMI) using switching frequency jitteringin the quasi-resonant mode. Merely by way of example, the invention hasbeen applied to a power conversion system. But it would be recognizedthat the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

Switching-mode power conversion systems often have switching frequenciesin the range of tens of kHz and hundreds of kHz. Parasitic capacitanceand parasitic inductance usually exist in the switching-mode powerconversion systems. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by aswitching-mode power conversion system often needs to be reduced inorder to avoid interfering significantly with other power components. Toreduce the size of a switching-mode power conversion system, theswitching frequency of the switching-mode power conversion systemusually needs to be increased. But increasing the switching frequencyoften exacerbates the problems related to EMI and switching loss.

A fixed-frequency controller with frequency jittering is often used in apower conversion system to reduce the EMI. FIG. 1 is a simplifieddiagram showing a conventional power conversion system including afixed-frequency pulse-width-modulation (PWM) controller. The powerconversion system 100 includes a fixed-frequency PWM controller 102, aprimary winding 118, a secondary winding 120, a power switch 122, acurrent sensing resistor 124, a feedback-and-isolation component 126, arectifying diode 128 and a capacitor 130. The fixed-frequency PWMcontroller 102 includes an oscillator 104, a PWM comparator 106, aflip-flop 108, a gate driver 110, a diode 112, and two resistors 114 and116. The fixed-frequency PWM controller 102 further includes threeterminals 132, 134 and 136. For example, the power switch 122 is afield-effect transistor (FET), a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), oran insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT).

The switching frequency of the power conversion system 100 is oftendetermined by the oscillator 104. To reduce the EMI, the oscillator 104is often used to perform switching frequency jittering in differentways, e.g., ramping up and down the switching frequency of the powerconversion system 100, or using a pseudo-random generator to change theswitching frequency.

FIG. 2 is a simplified conventional timing diagram for the powerconversion system 100 showing frequency jittering by ramping up and downthe switching frequency by the oscillator 104. The waveform 202represents the switching frequency of the power conversion system 100 asa function of time. The waveform 204 represents turned-on and turned-offconditions of the switch 122 as a function of time. For example, if thewaveform 204 is at a logic high level, the switch 122 is closed (e.g.,on), and if the waveform 204 is at a logic low level, the switch 122 isopen (e.g., off). Two time periods T₁ and T₂ are shown in FIG. 2. Thetime period T₁ starts at time t₀ and ends at time t₁, and the timeperiod T₂ starts at time t₁ and ends at time t₂. For example, t₀≤t₁≤t₂.

During the time period T₁, the switching frequency of the powerconversion system 100 ramps up from a minimum frequency 206 (at t₀) to amaximum frequency 208 (at t₁) as shown by the waveform 202. Thefrequency of the switch 122 being turned on and off increases as shownby the waveform 204. During the time period T₂, the switching frequencyof the power conversion system 100 ramps down from the maximum frequency208 (at t₁) to the minimum frequency 206 (at t₂) as shown by thewaveform 202. The frequency of the switch 122 being turned on and offdecreases as shown by the waveform 204.

The magnitude of the frequency jittering is usually controlled within acertain range to avoid audio noise caused by excessive frequencyjittering. For example, if the fixed-frequency system 100 has aswitching frequency of about 60 kHz, the range of frequency jitteringcan be ±4%. That is, the switching frequency range of the system 100 is60 kHz±2.4 kHz. The frequency range for energy distribution of annth-order harmonic is ±2.4 nkHz. The total harmonics energy of the fixedfrequency system 100 remains the same, while the harmonic energyamplitude at each harmonic frequency reduces. Thus, the conduction EMIof the system 100 is often improved.

In operation, the system 100 usually has a parasitic inductance L_(k) inthe transformer including the primary winding 118 and the secondarywinding 120. The power switch 122 often has a parasitic capacitanceC_(p) between the terminals 138 and 140. The parasitic inductance L_(k)and the parasitic capacitance C_(p) often not only reduce the systemefficiency, but increase the EMI. For example, when the power switch 122is open (e.g., off), the parasitic inductance L_(k) and the parasiticcapacitance C_(p) often cause resonation, and a high peak voltage isgenerated at the terminal 138. Then after the primary inductance L_(p)of the transformer is demagnetized, the primary inductance L_(p) and theparasitic capacitance C_(p) often cause resonation, and the voltage ofthe terminal 138 oscillates with decreasing amplitude. But the amplitudeof the voltage of the terminal 138 is often at a high level. When thepower switch 122 is closed (e.g., on) during a next period, theparasitic capacitance C_(p) often discharges through the power switch122, and generates a high peak current including many harmonics, whichusually exacerbates the problems related to switching loss and EMI.

Quasi-resonant (QR) techniques can be implemented to take advantage ofthe parasitic inductance and the parasitic capacitance existing in apower conversion system to improve system efficiency. FIG. 3 is asimplified diagram showing a conventional fly-back power conversionsystem including a QR controller. The power conversion system 300includes a QR controller 302, a primary winding 304, a secondary winding306, a power switch 308, a rectifying diode 310, a capacitor 312, anoutput load 316, and an auxiliary winding 330. For example, the powerswitch 308 is a field-effect transistor (FET), a bipolar junctiontransistor (BJT) or an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT).

As shown in FIG. 3, the fly-back conversion system 300 has a parasiticinductance 318 (e.g., L_(k)) in the transformer including the primarywinding 304 and the secondary winding 306, and a primary inductance 334(e.g., L_(p)) of the transformer. The power switch 308 has a parasiticcapacitance 314 (e.g., C_(p)) between the terminals 320 and 322.

In operation, if the power switch 308 is closed (e.g., on), a current324 (e.g., I_(p)) flows through the power switch 308. For example, thevoltage between the terminals 320 and 324 of the power switch 308 isdetermined based on the following equation:V _(ds) =V _(in) +N×V _(out)  (Equation 1)wherein V_(ds) represents the voltage between the terminals 320 and 324of the power switch 308, V_(in) represents an input voltage 326 on theprimary side of the system 300, and V_(out) represents an output voltage328 on the secondary side of the system 300. Additionally, N representsa turns ratio between the primary winding 304 and the secondary winding306.

FIG. 4 is a simplified conventional timing diagram for the powerconversion system 300. The waveform 402 represents the voltage betweenthe terminals 320 and 322 of the power switch 308 (e.g., V_(ds)) as afunction of time. The waveform 404 represents turned-on and turned-offconditions of the switch 308 as a function of time. The waveform 406represents the current 324 that flows through the power switch 308 as afunction of time. For example, if the waveform 404 is at a logic highlevel, the switch 308 is closed (e.g., on), and if the waveform 404 isat a logic low level, the switch 308 is open (e.g., off).

Five time periods T_(on), T_(r), T_(demag), T_(off), and T_(s) are shownin FIG. 4. The time period T_(on) starts at time t₀ and ends at time t₁,and the time period T_(demag) starts at time t₁ and ends at time t₂. Thetime period T_(r) starts at the time t₂ and ends at time t₃, and thetime period T_(off) starts at the time t₁ and ends at the time t₃. Thetime period T_(s) starts at t₀ and ends at t₃. For example, t₀≤t₁≤t₂≤t₃.The time periods T_(demag) and T_(r) are within the time period T_(off).The time period T_(s) is the switching period of the system 300, andincludes the time period T_(on) and the time period T_(off).

During the time period T_(on), the power switch 308 is closed (e.g., on)as shown by the waveform 404. The voltage between the terminals 320 and322 (e.g., V_(ds)) keeps at a low value 412 (e.g., approximately zero asshown by the waveform 402). The current that flows through the powerswitch 308 increases over time from a low value 410 (e.g., approximatelyzero at t₀) to a peak value 408 (e.g., I_(pk) at t₁) as shown by thewaveform 406.

At the beginning of the time period T_(demag) (e.g., at t₁), the powerswitch 308 becomes open (e.g., being turned off) as shown by thewaveform 404. The voltage between the terminals 320 and 322 (e.g.,V_(ds)) increases from the low value 412 (e.g., approximately zero att₁) as shown by the waveform 402. The current that flows through thepower switch 308 drops from the peak value 408 to a low value 414 (e.g.,approximately zero) as shown by the waveform 406.

During the time period T_(demag), the power switch 308 remains open(e.g., off) as shown by the waveform 404. The current that flows throughthe power switch 308 remains at the low value 414 (e.g., approximatelyzero) as shown by the waveform 406. For example, the voltage between theterminals 320 and 322 (e.g., V_(ds)) can be determined according toEquation 1. The parasitic capacitance 314 (e.g., C_(p)) and theparasitic inductance 318 (e.g., L_(k)) cause high frequency resonation.The primary inductance of the transformer 334 (e.g., L_(p)) isdemagnetized.

At the end of the time period T_(demag) (e.g., at t₂), thedemagnetization of the primary inductance 334 (e.g., L_(p)) iscompleted. The QR controller 302 detects a falling edge of a voltage 332(e.g., V_(DEM)) at the auxiliary winding 330 that indicates thecompletion of the demagnetization.

During the time period T_(r), the power switch 308 remains open (e.g.,off) as shown by the waveform 404. The current that flows through thepower switch 308 remains at the low value 414 (e.g., approximately zero)as shown by the waveform 406. The primary inductance 334 (e.g., L_(p))and the parasitic capacitance 314 (e.g., C_(p)) cause resonation. Thevoltage between the terminals 320 and 322 (e.g., V_(ds)) decreases froma high value 418 (e.g., at t₂) to a valley value 416 (e.g., at t₃) asshown by the waveform 402. When the switch 308 is closed (e.g., on) atthe beginning of a next switching period, the voltage between theterminals 320 and 322 (e.g., V_(ds)) is at the valley value 416. Thecurrent peaks caused by the parasitic capacitance 314 (e.g., C_(p))through the power switch 308 is often reduced, and thus the switchingloss and the EMI of the system 300 is often improved.

As shown in FIG. 4, the time period T_(r) during which the parasiticcapacitance 314 (e.g., C_(p)) and the primary inductance 334 (e.g.,L_(p)) resonate is less than the switching period T_(s) of the system300. The system 300 operates approximately in a boundary-conduction mode(BCM). The output power of the system 300 can be determined based on thefollowing equation.

$\begin{matrix}{P_{out} = {\eta \times \frac{I_{pk}}{2} \times \left\lbrack \frac{N \times \left( {V_{out} + V_{F}} \right) \times V_{{in}\_{DC}}}{{N \times \left( {V_{out} + V_{F}} \right)} + V_{{in}\_{DC}}} \right\rbrack}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right)\end{matrix}$where P_(out) represents the output power of the system 300, ηrepresents the power transfer efficiency of the system 300, and I_(pk)represents the peak current on the primary side of the system 300.Additionally, N represents a turns ratio between the primary winding 304and the secondary winding 306, V_(out) represents the output voltage onthe secondary side of the system 300, and V_(F) represents the voltagedrop on the rectifying diode 310. Furthermore, V_(in) _(_) _(DC)represents the voltage level of the input voltage 326 (e.g., apower-factor-correction output voltage, or a line input rectifiedvoltage), and D represents a turn-on duty cycle of the power switch 308.

The switching frequency of the system 300 can be determined based on thefollowing equation.

$\begin{matrix}{f_{s} = {{\frac{\eta \times V_{{in}\_{DC}}^{\; 2}}{2 \times L_{P} \times P_{out}} \times D^{2}} = {\frac{\eta}{2 \times L_{P} \times P_{out}} \times \left\lbrack \frac{N \times \left( {V_{out} + V_{F}} \right)}{1 + \frac{N \times \left( {V_{out} + V_{F}} \right)}{V_{{in}\_{DC}}}} \right\rbrack^{2}}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 3} \right)\end{matrix}$where f_(s) represents the switching frequency of the system 300, L_(p)represents the inductance of the primary winding 304, and P_(out)represents the output power of the system 300. Additionally, ηrepresents the power transfer efficiency of the system 300, I_(pk)represents the peak current on the primary side of the system 300, and Nrepresents a turns ratio between the primary winding 304 and thesecondary winding 306. Furthermore, V_(out) represents the outputvoltage on the secondary side of the system 300, V_(F) represents thevoltage drop on the rectifying diode 310, Y_(in) _(_) _(DC) representsthe voltage level of the input voltage 326 (e.g., apower-factor-correction output voltage, or a line input rectifiedvoltage), and D represents the turn-on duty cycle of the power switch308.

According to Equations 1 and 2, the switching frequency of the system300 often remains approximately constant, if the output load 316 and theinput voltage 326 do not change. The frequency range for energydistribution of the conduction EMI is usually narrow. The conduction EMIcannot be reduced significantly in the conventional fly-back powerconversion system 300 using the QR techniques.

FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram showing a conventional power conversionsystem including a QR controller. The power conversion system 500includes a QR controller 502, a primary winding 504, a secondary winding506, a power switch 508, a rectifying diode 510, a capacitor 512, anerror-amplification-and-isolation component 516, a current sensingresistor 518, an auxiliary winding 520, and two resistors 522 and 524.The QR controller 502 includes a demagnetization detection component526, a flip-flop 528, a gate driver 530, a PWM comparator 532, a diode534, and two resistors 536 and 538. The QR controller 502 furtherincludes four terminals 540, 542, 544 and 546. For example, the powerswitch 508 is a field-effect transistor (FET), a bipolar junctiontransistor (BJT) or an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT).

As shown in FIG. 5, the error-amplification-and-isolation component 516receives the output voltage 548 on the secondary side of the system 500,and outputs a feedback signal 550 to the terminal 540 (e.g., terminalFB). The feedback signal 550 is received by at least the diode 534. Inresponse, the resistors 536 and 538 generate a signal 552 to anon-inverting input terminal of the PWM comparator 532.

A primary current 554 that flows through the primary winding 504 issensed by the current sensing resistor 518, which in response outputsthe sensed signal 556 to the terminal 546 (e.g., terminal CS). Thesensed signal 556 is received at an inverting input terminal of the PWMcomparator 532. The PWM comparator 532 generates a comparison signal 558based on the signal 552 and the sensed signal 556.

The resistors 522 and 524 receive an auxiliary current 560 that flowsthrough the auxiliary winding 520, and in response outputs ademagnetization signal 562 to the terminal 542 (e.g., terminal dem). Thedemagnetization detection component 526 receives the demagnetizationsignal 562, and outputs a detection signal 564. The flip-flop 528receives the comparison signal 558 at one input terminal, and thedetection signal 564 at another input terminal. In response, theflip-flop 528 outputs a signal 566 to the gate driver 530. The gatedriver 530 outputs a gate drive signal 568 through the terminal 544(e.g., terminal gate) to drive the power switch 508.

The feedback signal 550 generated by theerror-amplification-and-isolation component 516 is often used to controlthe peak values of the current 554 in order to regulate the outputvoltage 548. To make the system 500 operate stably, theerror-amplification-and-isolation component 516 is usually compensated,and the bandwidth is often limited to below one-tenth or one-fifteenthof the switching frequency. Similar to what is discussed in FIGS. 3 and4, the conduction EMI cannot be reduced significantly in theconventional power conversion system 500 using the conventional QRcontroller 502.

Hence it is highly desirable to improve techniques for reducing the EMI.

3. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to integrated circuits. Moreparticularly, the invention provides systems and methods for reducingelectromagnetic interference (EMI) using switching frequency jitteringin the quasi-resonant mode. Merely by way of example, the invention hasbeen applied to a power conversion system. But it would be recognizedthat the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

According to one embodiment, a system for regulating a power converterincludes a signal processing component. The signal processing componentis configured to receive a first input signal and a second input signal,process information associated with the first input signal and thesecond input signal, and output a drive signal to a switch based on atleast information associated with the first input signal and the secondinput signal, the drive signal being associated with a switchingfrequency related to a power converter including the switch. The firstinput signal is associated with at least a feedback signal related to anoutput voltage of the power converter. The second input signal isassociated with at least a primary current flowing through a primarywinding of the power converter. Furthermore, the signal processingcomponent is further configured to change a peak value of the primarycurrent within a first predetermined range, and change the switchingfrequency of the power converter within a second predetermined range.

According to another embodiment, a system for regulating a powerconverter includes a comparator and a driving component. The comparatoris configured to receive a first input signal and a second input signaland generate a comparison signal based on at least informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, thefirst input signal being associated with at least a feedback signalrelated to an output voltage of a power converter, the second inputsignal including a third input signal and being associated with at leasta primary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter. The driving component is configured to receive the comparisonsignal and output a drive signal to a switch based on at leastinformation associated with the comparison signal, the drive signalbeing associated with a switching frequency related to the powerconverter including the switch. The comparator and the driving componentare configured to, in response to at least the third input signal,change a peak value of the primary current within a first predeterminedrange and change the switching frequency of the power converter within asecond predetermined range.

According to yet another embodiment, a system for regulating a powerconverter includes a comparator and a driving component. The comparatoris configured to receive a first input signal and a second input signaland generate a comparison signal based on at least informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, thefirst input signal including a third input signal and being associatedwith at least a feedback signal related to an output voltage of a powerconverter, the second input signal being associated with at least aprimary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter. The driving component is configured to receive the comparisonsignal and output a drive signal to a switch based on at leastinformation associated with the comparison signal, the drive signalbeing associated with a switching frequency related to the powerconverter including the switch. The comparator and the driving componentare configured to, in response to at least the third input signal,change a peak value of the primary current within a first predeterminedrange and change the switching frequency of the power converter within asecond predetermined range.

According to yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a powerconverter includes receiving a first input signal and a second inputsignal, the first input signal being associated with at least a feedbacksignal related to an output voltage of a power converter, the secondinput signal being associated with at least a primary current flowingthrough a primary winding of the power converter, processing informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, andoutputting a drive signal to a switch based on at least informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, thedrive signal being associated with a switching frequency related to thepower converter including the switch. The method further includeschanging, within a first predetermined range, a peak value of theprimary current, and changing, within a second predetermined range, theswitching frequency of the power converter.

In another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converterincludes receiving a first input signal and a second input signal, thefirst input signal being associated with at least a feedback signalrelated to an output voltage of a power converter, the second inputsignal including a third input signal and being associated with at leasta primary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter, processing information associated with the first input signaland the second input signal, and generating a comparison signal based onat least information associated with the first input signal and thesecond input signal. The method further includes receiving thecomparison signal, processing information associated with the comparisonsignal, and outputting a drive signal to a switch based on at leastinformation associated with the comparison signal, the drive signalbeing associated with a switching frequency related to the powerconverter including the switch. Additionally, the method includeschanging, in response to at least the third input signal, a peak valueof the primary current within a first predetermined range, and changing,in response to at least the third input signal, the switching frequencyof the power converter within a second predetermined range.

In yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converterincludes receiving a first input signal and a second input signal, thefirst input signal including a third input signal and being associatedwith at least a feedback signal related to an output voltage of a powerconverter, the second input signal being associated with at least aprimary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter, processing information associated with the first input signaland the second input signal, and generating a comparison signal based onat least information associated with the first input signal and thesecond input signal. The method further includes receiving thecomparison signal, processing information associated with the comparisonsignal, and outputting a drive signal to a switch based on at leastinformation associated with the comparison signal, the drive signalbeing associated with a switching frequency related to the powerconverter including the switch. Additionally, the method includeschanging, in response to at least the third input signal, a peak valueof the primary current within a first predetermined range, and changing,in response to at least the third input signal, the switching frequencyof the power converter within a second predetermined range.

Many benefits are achieved by way of the present invention overconventional techniques. Certain embodiments of the present inventionuse switching frequency jittering to reduce EMI. Some embodiments of thepresent invention add a jittering signal to a peak current of a primaryinductance to change the switching frequency. Certain embodiments of thepresent invention provide a disturbance to the peak current of theprimary inductance, which changes with output load. Some embodiments ofthe present invention provide valley conduction to reduce switching lossto improve system efficiency. Certain embodiments of the presentinvention provide a jittering signal at a feedback terminal or a currentsensing terminal to produce switching frequency jittering. Someembodiments of the present invention distribute conduction EMI energyover a broad frequency range to reduce the EMI.

Depending upon embodiment, one or more benefits may be achieved. Thesebenefits and various additional objects, features and advantages of thepresent invention can be fully appreciated with reference to thedetailed description and accompanying drawings that follow.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram showing a conventional power conversionsystem including a fixed-frequency pulse-width-modulation (PWM)controller.

FIG. 2 is a simplified conventional timing diagram for a powerconversion system showing frequency jittering by ramping up and down theswitching frequency by an oscillator.

FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram showing a conventional fly-back powerconversion system including a QR controller.

FIG. 4 is a simplified conventional timing diagram for a powerconversion system.

FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram showing a conventional power conversionsystem including a QR controller.

FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram showing switching frequencyjittering achieved through deterministic peak-current disturbanceaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a simplified timing diagram showing switching frequencyjittering achieved through random (e.g., pseudo-random) peak-currentdisturbance according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to yet another embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to yet another embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 12 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to yet another embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 13(a) is a simplified diagram showing the amplitude of a jitteringsignal as a function of a feedback signal as shown in FIGS. 10, 11, and12 according to certain embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13(b) is a simplified diagram showing a system for generating thejittering signal as a function of the feedback signal as shown in FIG.13(a) according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13(c) is a simplified diagram showing a system for generating thejittering signal as a function of the feedback signal as shown in FIG.13(a) according to certain embodiments of the present invention.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to integrated circuits. Moreparticularly, the invention provides systems and methods for reducingelectromagnetic interference (EMI) using switching frequency jitteringin the quasi-resonant mode. Merely by way of example, the invention hasbeen applied to a power conversion system. But it would be recognizedthat the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

As discussed in FIGS. 1 and 2, switching frequency jittering can be usedto reduce the conduction EMI. But as discussed in FIG. 3, it is hard toachieve switching frequency jittering in the conventional QR system 300.

Referring to FIG. 5, the switching frequency of the power conversionsystem 500 can be determined based on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix}{F_{s} = {\frac{1}{I_{pk} \times L_{p}} \times \left\lbrack \frac{N \times \left( {V_{out} + V_{F}} \right) \times V_{{in}\_{DC}}}{{N \times \left( {V_{out} + V_{F}} \right)} + V_{{in}\_{DC}}} \right\rbrack}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4} \right)\end{matrix}$where F_(s) represents the switching frequency of the system 500, L_(p)represents the inductance of the primary winding 504, and P_(out)represents the output power of the system 500. Additionally, ηrepresents the power transfer efficiency of the system 500, I_(pk)represents the peak current on the primary side of the system 500, and Nrepresents a turns ratio between the primary winding 504 and thesecondary winding 506. Furthermore, V_(out) represents the outputvoltage 548 on the secondary side of the system 500, V_(F) representsthe voltage drop on the rectifying diode 510, V_(in) _(_) _(DC)represents the voltage level of the input voltage of the system 500(e.g., a power-factor-correction output voltage, or a line inputrectified voltage), and D represents the turn-on duty cycle of the powerswitch 508.

According to Equation 4, the switching frequency of the system 500 isinversely proportional to the peak current on the primary side of thesystem 500. Hence, a new QR controller can be properly constructed todisturb the peak values of the current 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) in order toachieve the switching frequency jittering according to certainembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram showing switching frequencyjittering achieved through deterministic peak-current disturbanceaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram ismerely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of theclaims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives, and modifications. For example, switchingfrequency jittering can be achieved through deterministic peak-currentdisturbance using a new QR controller that replaces the QR controller502 in the system 500 according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

The waveform 602 represents the current 554 (e.g., I_(p)) that flowsthrough the primary winding 504 as a function of time, and the waveform604 represents the switching frequency of the system 500 (e.g., F_(s))as a function of time. Seven time periods T₁ T₂, T₃, T_(on1), T_(off1),T_(s1), and T_(p) are shown in FIG. 6. The time period T₁ starts at timet₀ and ends at time t₁, the time period T₂ starts at the time t₁ andends at time t₂, and the time period T₃ starts at the time t₀ and endsat t₂. The time period T_(on1) starts at time t_(b) and ends at timet_(c), the time period T_(off1) starts at the time t_(c) and ends attime t_(d), and the time period T_(s1) starts at the time t_(b) and endsat the time t_(d). The time period T_(p) starts at time t_(a) and endsat the time t_(f). The times t_(e) and t_(f) are outside the time periodT_(s1). For example, t₀≤t₁≤t₂. In another example,t_(a)≤t_(b)≤t_(c)≤t_(d)≤t_(e)≤t_(f).

According to one embodiment, during a time period (e.g., T_(on1)) whenthe power switch 508 is closed (e.g., on), the current 554 (e.g., I_(p))increases from a low value (e.g., approximately zero at t_(b)) to a peakvalue (e.g., the peak-current value 608 at t_(c)) as shown by thewaveform 602. For example, the peak value of the current 554 (e.g.,I_(pk)) changes as a predetermined function of time. In another example,before t_(e), the peak values of the current 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) ramps upover time (e.g., from the peak-current value 608 at t_(c) to thepeak-current value 610 at t_(c)) as shown by the waveform 602. In yetanother example, before t_(c), the peak values of the current 554 (e.g.,I_(pk)) increase corresponding to a linear or non-linear function oftime. In yet another example, before t_(e), peak values of the current554 (e.g., I_(pk)) all lie in a straight line.

According to yet another embodiment, after t_(e), the peak values of thecurrent 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) ramps down (e.g., from the peak-current value610 at t_(e) to the peak-current value 612 at t_(f)) as shown by thewaveform 602. In yet another example, after t_(e), the peak values ofthe current 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) decrease corresponding to a linear ornon-linear function of time. In yet another example, after t_(e), peakvalues of the current 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) all lie in a straight line. Inyet another example, the increase of the peak values of the current 554(e.g., from the peak-current value 608 at t_(e) to the peak-currentvalue 610 at t_(e)) is symmetrical to the decrease of the peak values ofthe current 554 (e.g., from the peak-current value 610 at t_(e) to thepeak-current value 612 at t_(f)). In yet another example, the peakvalues of the current 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) varies in a predetermined range(e.g., between I_(pk) _(_) _(min) and I_(pk) _(_) _(max)). In yetanother example, the peak-current value 608 is equal to I_(pk) _(_)_(min). In yet another example, the peak-current value 610 is equal toI_(pk) _(_) _(max). In yet another example, the peak-current value 612is equal to I_(pk) _(_) _(min).

According to yet another embodiment, during a time period (e.g.,T_(off1)) when the power switch 508 is open (e.g., off), the current 554(e.g., I_(p)) keeps at a low value (e.g., approximately zero). Forexample, a switching period (e.g., T_(s1)) includes the time period(e.g., T_(on1)) when the power switch 508 is closed (e.g., on) and thetime period (e.g., T_(off1)) when the power switch 508 is open (e.g.,off). In another example, the length of a particular switching period(e.g., T_(s1)) is proportional to the peak value of the current 554(e.g., I_(pk)) during the switching period (e.g., T_(s1)). Hence, theswitching frequency of the system 500 is inversely proportional to thepeak value of the current 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) according to certainembodiments.

According to yet another embodiment, during the time period T₁, theswitching frequency of the system 500 decreases over time from a highvalue (e.g., the frequency value 614 at t₀) to a low value (e.g., thefrequency value 616 at t₁), as shown by the waveform 604. For example,the switching frequency of the system 500 decreases as a linear ornon-linear function of time. In another example, during the time periodT₂, the switching frequency of the system 500 increases over time fromthe low value (e.g., the frequency value 616 at t₁) to another highvalue (e.g., the frequency value 618 at t₂), as shown by the waveform604. In yet another example, the switching frequency of the system 500increases as a linear or non-linear function of time. In yet anotherexample, the switching frequency varies in a predetermined range (e.g.,between F_(s) _(_) _(min) and F_(s) _(_) _(max)). In yet anotherexample, the frequency value 614 is equal to F_(s) _(_) _(max). In yetanother example, the frequency value 616 is equal to F_(s) _(_) _(min).In yet another example, the frequency value 618 is equal to F_(s) _(_)_(max).

According to yet another embodiment, the peak values of the current 554(e.g., I_(pk)) are disturbed periodically. For example, the time periodT_(p) is equal to the period of peak value disturbance of the current554 (e.g., I_(pk)). In another example, the switching frequency of thesystem 500 varies periodically. In yet another example, the time periodT₃ is equal to the period of the switching frequency variation. In yetanother example, the time period T_(p) is equal to the time period T₃.In yet another example, if the bandwidth of the feedback loop of thesystem 500 is lower than the frequency of the peak-current changes,disturbing the peak-current values deterministically achieves theswitching frequency jittering.

FIG. 7 is a simplified timing diagram showing switching frequencyjittering achieved through random (e.g., pseudo-random) peak-currentdisturbance according to another embodiment of the present invention.This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit thescope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognizemany variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example, switchingfrequency jittering can be achieved through random peak-currentdisturbance using a new QR controller that replaces the QR controller502 in the system 500 according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

The waveform 702 represents the current 554 (e.g., I_(p)) that flowsthrough the primary winding 504 as a function of time, and the waveform704 represents the switching frequency of the system 500 (e.g., F_(s))as a function of time. Three time periods T_(on1), T_(off1) and T_(s1)are shown in FIG. 7. The time period T_(on1) starts at time t₀ and endsat time t₁, and the time period T_(off1) starts at the time t₁ and endsat time t₂. The time period T_(s1) starts at the time t₀ and ends at thetime t₂. For example, t₀≤t₁≤t₂.

According to one embodiment, during a time period (e.g., T_(on1)) whenthe power switch 508 is closed (e.g., on), the current 554 (e.g., I_(p))increases from a low value (e.g., approximately zero at t₀) to a peakvalue (e.g., the peak-current value 708 at t₁) as shown by the waveform702. For example, during a time period (e.g., T_(off1)) when the powerswitch 508 is open (e.g., off), the current 554 (e.g., I_(p)) keeps at alow value (e.g., approximately zero). In another example, the peak valueof the current 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) of a particular switching period(e.g., T_(s1)) varies randomly (e.g., pseudo-randomly) in apredetermined range (e.g., between I_(pk) _(_) _(min) and I_(pk) _(_)_(max)) as shown by the waveform 702.

According to another embodiment, the length of a particular switchingperiod (e.g., T_(s1)) is proportional to the peak value of the current554 (e.g., I_(pk)) during the switching period (e.g., T_(s1)). Hence,the switching frequency of the system 500 is inversely proportional tothe peak value of the current 554 (e.g., I_(pk)) according to certainembodiments. For example, the switching frequency of the system 500varies randomly (e.g., pseudo-randomly) within a predetermined range(e.g., between F_(s) _(_) _(min) and F_(s) _(_) _(max)), as shown by thewaveform 704. In another example, if the bandwidth of the feedback loopof the system 500 is lower than the frequency of the peak-current valuechanges, disturbing the peak-current values randomly (e.g.,pseudo-randomly) achieves the switching frequency jittering.

FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not undulylimit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art wouldrecognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example,FIG. 8 is implemented according to FIG. 6 or FIG. 7.

The power conversion system 800 includes a QR controller 802, theprimary winding 504, the secondary winding 506, the power switch 508,the rectifying diode 510, the capacitor 512, theerror-amplification-and-isolation component 516, the current sensingresistor 518, the auxiliary winding 520, and the resistors 522 and 524.The QR controller 802 includes a demagnetization detection component826, a flip-flop 828, a gate driver 830, a PWM comparator 832, a diode834, two resistors 836 and 838, and a combining component 839. The QRcontroller 802 further includes four terminals 840, 842, 844 and 846.For example, the combining component 839 is an adder, a subtractor, or amultiplexer.

According to one embodiment, the demagnetization detection component826, the flip-flop 828, the gate driver 830, the PWM comparator 832, thediode 834, and the resistors 836 and 838 are the same as thedemagnetization detection component 526, the flip-flop 528, the gatedriver 530, the PWM comparator 532, the diode 534, and the resistors 536and 538. For example, the terminals 840, 842, 844 and 846 are the sameas the terminals 540, 542, 544 and 546.

According to one embodiment, the error-amplification-and-isolationcomponent 516 receives the output voltage 848 on the secondary side ofthe system 800, and outputs a feedback signal 850 to the terminal 840(e.g., terminal FB). For example, the feedback signal 850 is received byat least the diode 834. In another example, the resistors 836 and 838output a signal 852 to a non-inverting input terminal of the PWMcomparator 832.

According to another embodiment, a primary current 854 that flowsthrough the primary winding 504 is sensed by the current sensingresistor 518. For example, the current sensing resistor 518 in responseoutputs the sensed signal 856 to the terminal 846 (e.g., terminal CS).In another example, the combining component 839 receives the sensedsignal 856 and a voltage-jittering signal 870 (e.g., V_(CS) _(_)_(jitter)), and in response generates a combined signal 872. In yetanother example, the combined signal 872 is received at an invertinginput terminal of the PWM comparator 832. In yet another example, thePWM comparator 832 generates a comparison signal 858 based on the signal852 and the combined signal 872.

According to yet another embodiment, the resistors 522 and 524 receivean auxiliary current 860 that flows through the auxiliary winding 520,and in response outputs a demagnetization signal 862 to the terminal 842(e.g., terminal dem). For example, the demagnetization detectioncomponent 826 receives the demagnetization signal 862, and outputs adetection signal 864. In another example, the flip-flop 828 receives thecomparison signal 858 at one input terminal, and the detection signal864 at another input terminal. In yet another example, the flip-flop 828outputs a signal 866 to the gate driver 830. In yet another example, thegate driver 830 outputs a gate drive signal 868 through the terminal 844(e.g., terminal gate) to drive the power switch 508.

According to yet another embodiment, with a certain output load, thedisturbance to the peak values of the current 854 can be determinedbased on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\; I_{pk}} = \frac{V_{{CS}\_{jitter}}}{R_{sense}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 5} \right)\end{matrix}$where ΔI_(pk) represents the disturbance to the peak values of thecurrent 854, V_(CS) _(_) _(jitter) represents the voltage jitteringsignal 870, and R_(sense) represents the resistance of the resistor 518.For example, the peak values of the current 854 are disturbed by thevoltage jittering signal 870. Hence, the switching frequency of thesystem 800 jitters according to certain embodiments. In another example,the frequency of the voltage jittering signal 870 is higher than thebandwidth of the error-amplification-and-isolation component 516, andthe feedback signal 850 remains approximately constant in magnitudeduring a jittering period. In yet another example, the voltage jitteringsignal 870 changes over time. In yet another example, the amplitude ofthe voltage-jittering signal 870 changes continuously over time. In yetanother example, the amplitude of the voltage-jittering signal 870 israndomly determined (e.g., pseudo-randomly determined).

FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to another embodiment of the presentinvention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not undulylimit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art wouldrecognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example,FIG. 9 is implemented according to FIG. 6 or FIG. 7.

The power conversion system 900 includes a QR controller 902, theprimary winding 504, the secondary winding 506, the power switch 508,the rectifying diode 510, the capacitor 512, theerror-amplification-and-isolation component 516, the current sensingresistor 518, the auxiliary winding 520, and the resistors 522 and 524.The QR controller 902 includes a demagnetization detection component926, a flip-flop 928, a gate driver 930, a PWM comparator 932, a diode934, three resistors 936, 937 and 938, and a circuit component 939. TheQR controller 902 further includes four terminals 940, 942, 944 and 946.For example, the circuit component 939 is a current source.

According to one embodiment, the demagnetization detection component926, the flip-flop 928, the gate driver 930, the PWM comparator 932, thediode 934, and the resistors 936 and 938 are the same as thedemagnetization detection component 526, the flip-flop 528, the gatedriver 530, the PWM comparator 532, the diode 534, and the resistors 536and 538. For example, the terminals 940, 942, 944 and 946 are the sameas the terminals 540, 542, 544 and 546.

According to one embodiment, the error-amplification-and-isolationcomponent 516 receives the output voltage 948 on the secondary side ofthe system 900, and outputs a feedback signal 950 to the terminal 940(e.g., terminal FB). For example, the feedback signal 950 is received byat least the diode 934. In another example, the resistors 936 and 938output a signal 952 to a non-inverting input terminal of the PWMcomparator 932.

According to another embodiment, a primary current 954 that flowsthrough the primary winding 504 is sensed by the current sensingresistor 518. For example, the current sensing resistor 518 in responseoutputs the sensed signal 956 to the terminal 946 (e.g., terminal CS).In another example, a current-jittering signal 970 (e.g., I_(CS) _(_)_(jitter)) is received by the circuit component 939, and applied on atleast the resistor 937 (e.g., R₃). In yet another example, in response,a signal 972 is output to an inverting input terminal of the PWMcomparator 932. In yet another example, the PWM comparator 932 generatesa comparison signal 958 based on the signal 952 and the signal 972. Inyet another example, the circuit component 939 is removed, and thecurrent-jittering signal 970 (e.g., I_(CS) _(_) _(jitter)) is receiveddirectly by the resistor 937.

According to yet another embodiment, the resistors 522 and 524 receivean auxiliary current 960 that flows through the auxiliary winding 520,and in response outputs a demagnetization signal 962 to the terminal 942(e.g., terminal dem). For example, the demagnetization detectioncomponent 926 receives the demagnetization signal 962, and outputs adetection signal 964. In another example, the flip-flop 928 receives thecomparison signal 958 at one input terminal, and the detection signal964 at another input terminal. In yet another example, the flip-flop 928outputs a signal 966 to the gate driver 930. In yet another example, thegate driver 930 outputs a gate drive signal 968 through the terminal 944(e.g., terminal gate) to drive the power switch 508.

According to yet another embodiment, with a certain output load, thedisturbance to the peak values of the current 954 can be determinedbased on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\; I_{pk}} = \frac{V_{{CS}\_{jitter}} \times R_{3}}{R_{sense}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 6} \right)\end{matrix}$where ΔI_(pk) represents the disturbance to the peak values of thecurrent 954, I_(CS) _(_) _(jitter) represents the current-jitteringsignal 970, and R_(sense) represents the resistance of the resistor 518.For example, the peak values of the current 954 are disturbed by thecurrent-jittering signal 970. Hence, the switching frequency of thesystem 900 jitters according to certain embodiments. In another example,the current-jittering signal 970 changes over time. In yet anotherexample, the amplitude of the current-jittering signal 970 changescontinuously over time. In yet another example, the amplitude of thecurrent-jittering signal 970 is randomly determined (e.g.,pseudo-randomly determined).

FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to yet another embodiment of thepresent invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should notunduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the artwould recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. Forexample, FIG. 10 is implemented according to FIG. 6 or FIG. 7.

The power conversion system 1000 includes a QR controller 1002, theprimary winding 504, the secondary winding 506, the power switch 508,the rectifying diode 510, the capacitor 512, theerror-amplification-and-isolation component 516, the current sensingresistor 518, the auxiliary winding 520, and the resistors 522 and 524.The QR controller 1002 includes a demagnetization detection component1026, a flip-flop 1028, a gate driver 1030, a PWM comparator 1032, adiode 1034, two resistors 1036 and 1038, and a combining component 1039.The QR controller 1002 further includes four terminals 1040, 1042, 1044and 1046. For example, the combining component 1039 is an adder, asubtractor, or a multiplexer.

According to one embodiment, the demagnetization detection component1026, the flip-flop 1028, the gate driver 1030, the PWM comparator 1032,the diode 1034, and the resistors 1036 and 1038 are the same as thedemagnetization detection component 526, the flip-flop 528, the gatedriver 530, the PWM comparator 532, the diode 534, and the resistors 536and 538. For example, the terminals 1040, 1042, 1044 and 1046 are thesame as the terminals 540, 542, 544 and 546.

According to one embodiment, the error-amplification-and-isolationcomponent 516 receives the output voltage 1048 on the secondary side ofthe system 1000, and outputs a feedback signal 1050 to the terminal 1040(e.g., terminal FB). For example, the feedback signal 1050 is receivedby at least the diode 1034. In another example, the resistors 1036 and1038 generate a signal 1052. In yet another example, the combiningcomponent 1039 receives the signal 1052 and a voltage-jittering signal1070 (e.g., V_(FB) _(_) _(jitter)), and outputs in response a combinedsignal 1072 to a non-inverting input terminal of the PWM comparator1032.

According to another embodiment, a primary current 1054 that flowsthrough the primary winding 504 is sensed by the current sensingresistor 518. For example, the current sensing resistor 518 in responseoutputs the sensed signal 1056 to the terminal 1046 (e.g., terminal CS).In another example, the sensed signal 1056 is received at an invertinginput terminal of the PWM comparator 1032. In yet another example, thePWM comparator 1032 generates a comparison signal 1058 based on thesignal 1052 and the combined signal 1072.

According to yet another embodiment, the resistors 522 and 524 receivean auxiliary current 1060 that flows through the auxiliary winding 520,and in response outputs a demagnetization signal 1062 to the terminal1042 (e.g., terminal dem). For example, the demagnetization detectioncomponent 1026 receives the demagnetization signal 1062, and outputs adetection signal 1064. In another example, the flip-flop 1028 receivesthe comparison signal 1058 at one input terminal, and the detectionsignal 1064 at another input terminal. In yet another example, theflip-flop 1028 outputs a signal 1066 to the gate driver 1030. In yetanother example, the gate driver 1030 outputs a gate drive signal 1068through the terminal 1044 (e.g., terminal gate) to drive the powerswitch 508.

According to yet another embodiment, with a certain output load, thedisturbance to the peak values of the current 1054 can be determinedbased on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\; I_{pk}} = \frac{V_{{FB}\_{jitter}}}{R_{sense}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 7} \right)\end{matrix}$where ΔI_(pk) represents the disturbance to the peak values of thecurrent 1054, V_(FB) _(_) _(jitter) represents the voltage-jitteringsignal 1070, and R_(sense) represents the resistance of the resistor518. For example, the peak values of the current 1054 are disturbed bythe voltage-jittering signal 1070. Hence, the switching frequency of thesystem 1000 jitters according to certain embodiments. In yet anotherexample, the frequency of the voltage-jittering signal 1070 is higherthan the bandwidth of the error-amplification-and-isolation component516, and the feedback signal 1050 remains approximately constant inmagnitude during a jittering period. In another example, thevoltage-jittering signal 1070 changes over time. In yet another example,the amplitude of the voltage-jittering signal 1070 changes continuouslyover time. In yet another example, the amplitude of thevoltage-jittering signal 1070 is randomly determined (e.g.,pseudo-randomly determined).

FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to yet another embodiment of thepresent invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should notunduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the artwould recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. Forexample, FIG. 11 is implemented according to FIG. 6 or FIG. 7.

The power conversion system 1100 includes a QR controller 1102, theprimary winding 504, the secondary winding 506, the power switch 508,the rectifying diode 510, the capacitor 512, theerror-amplification-and-isolation component 516, the current sensingresistor 518, the auxiliary winding 520, and the resistors 522 and 524.The QR controller 1102 includes a demagnetization detection component1126, a flip-flop 1128, a gate driver 1130, a PWM comparator 1132, adiode 1134, three resistors 1136, 1137 and 1138, and a circuit component1139. The QR controller 1102 further includes four terminals 1140, 1142,1144 and 1146. For example, the circuit component 1139 is a currentsource.

According to one embodiment, the demagnetization detection component1126, the flip-flop 1128, the gate driver 1130, the PWM comparator 1132,the diode 1134, and the resistors 1136 and 1138 are the same as thedemagnetization detection component 526, the flip-flop 528, the gatedriver 530, the PWM comparator 532, the diode 534, and the resistors 536and 538. For example, the terminals 1140, 1142, 1144 and 1146 are thesame as the terminals 540, 542, 544 and 546.

According to one embodiment, the error-amplification-and-isolationcomponent 516 receives the output voltage 1148 on the secondary side ofthe system 1100, and outputs a feedback signal 1150 to the terminal 1140(e.g., terminal FB). For example, the feedback signal 1150 is receivedby at least the diode 1134. In another example, the resistors 1136 and1138 generate a signal 1152 that is received by the resistor 1137. Inanother example, a current-jittering signal 1170 (e.g., I_(FB) _(_)_(jitter)) is received at the circuit component 1139, and applied on atleast the resistor 1137 (e.g., R₃). In yet another example, in response,a signal 1172 is output to a non-inverting input terminal of the PWMcomparator 1132. In yet another example, the circuit component 1139 isremoved, and the current-jittering signal 1170 (e.g., I_(FB) _(_)_(jitter)) is received directly by the resistor 1137.

According to another embodiment, a primary current 1154 that flowsthrough the primary winding 504 is sensed by the current sensingresistor 518. For example, the current sensing resistor 518 in responseoutputs the sensed signal 1156 to the terminal 1146 (e.g., terminal CS).In yet another example, the PWM comparator 1132 receives the sensedsignal 1156 at a negative input terminal. In yet another example, thePWM comparator 1132 generates a comparison signal 1158 based on thesignal 1172 and the sensed signal 1156.

According to yet another embodiment, the resistors 522 and 524 receivean auxiliary current 1160 that flows through the auxiliary winding 520,and in response outputs a demagnetization signal 1162 to the terminal1142 (e.g., terminal dem). For example, the demagnetization detectioncomponent 1126 receives the demagnetization signal 1162, and outputs adetection signal 1164. In another example, the flip-flop 1128 receivesthe comparison signal 1158 at one input terminal, and the detectionsignal 1164 at another input terminal. In yet another example, theflip-flop 1128 outputs a signal 1166 to the gate driver 1130. In yetanother example, the gate driver 1130 outputs a gate drive signal 1168through the terminal 1144 (e.g., terminal gate) to drive the powerswitch 508.

According to yet another embodiment, with a certain output load, thedisturbance to the peak values of the current 1154 can be determinedbased on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\; I_{pk}} = \frac{I_{{FB}\_{jitter}} \times \left( {R_{3} + R_{1}}||R_{2} \right)}{R_{sense}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 8} \right)\end{matrix}$where ΔI_(pk) represents the disturbance to the peak values of thecurrent 1154, I_(FB) _(_) _(jitter) represents the current-jitteringsignal 1170, and R_(sense) represents the resistance of the resistor518. Additionally, R₁ represents the resistance of the resistor 1136, R₂represents the resistance of the resistor 1138, and R₃ represents theresistance of the resistor 1137.

For example, the peak values of the current 1154 are disturbed by thecurrent-jittering signal 1170. Hence, the switching frequency of thesystem 1100 jitters according to certain embodiments. In anotherexample, the current-jittering signal 1170 changes over time. In yetanother example, the amplitude of the current-jittering signal 1170changes continuously over time. In yet another example, the amplitude ofthe current-jittering signal 1170 is randomly determined (e.g.,pseudo-randomly determined).

FIG. 12 is a simplified diagram showing a power conversion systemincluding a QR controller according to yet another embodiment of thepresent invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should notunduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the artwould recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. Forexample, FIG. 12 is implemented according to FIG. 6 or FIG. 7.

The power conversion system 1200 includes a QR controller 1202, theprimary winding 504, the secondary winding 506, the power switch 508,the rectifying diode 510, the capacitor 512, theerror-amplification-and-isolation component 516, the current sensingresistor 518, the auxiliary winding 520, and the resistors 522 and 524.The QR controller 1202 includes a demagnetization detection component1226, a flip-flop 1228, a gate driver 1230, a PWM comparator 1232, adiode 1234, two resistors 1236 and 1238, and an amplifier 1239. The QRcontroller 1202 further includes four terminals 1240, 1242, 1244 and1246.

According to one embodiment, the demagnetization detection component1226, the flip-flop 1228, the gate driver 1230, the PWM comparator 1232,the diode 1234, and the resistors 1236 and 1238 are the same as thedemagnetization detection component 526, the flip-flop 528, the gatedriver 530, the PWM comparator 532, the diode 534, and the resistors 536and 538. For example, the terminals 1240, 1242, 1244 and 1246 are thesame as the terminals 540, 542, 544 and 546. In another example, theamplifier 1239 has a negative input terminal coupled to an outputterminal.

According to one embodiment, the error-amplification-and-isolationcomponent 516 receives the output voltage 1248 on the secondary side ofthe system 1200, and outputs a feedback signal 1250 to the terminal 1240(e.g., terminal FB). For example, the feedback signal 1250 is receivedby at least the diode 1234. In another example, the amplifier 1239receives a voltage-jittering signal 1270 (e.g., V_(FB) _(_) _(jitter))at a positive input terminal, and outputs a signal 1252. In yet anotherexample, the resistors 1236 and 1238 output a signal 1272 to anon-inverting input terminal of the PWM comparator 1232.

According to another embodiment, a primary current 1254 that flowsthrough the primary winding 504 is sensed by the current sensingresistor 518. For example, the current sensing resistor 518 in responseoutputs the sensed signal 1256 to the terminal 1246 (e.g., terminal CS).In another example, the sensed signal 1256 is received at an invertinginput terminal of the PWM comparator 1232. In yet another example, thePWM comparator 1232 generates a comparison signal 1258 based on thesensed signal 1256 and the signal 1272.

According to yet another embodiment, the resistors 522 and 524 receivean auxiliary current 1260 that flows through the auxiliary winding 520,and in response outputs a demagnetization signal 1262 to the terminal1242 (e.g., terminal dem). For example, the demagnetization detectioncomponent 1226 receives the demagnetization signal 1262, and outputs adetection signal 1264. In another example, the flip-flop 1228 receivesthe comparison signal 1258 at one input terminal and the detectionsignal 1264 at another input terminal. In yet another example, theflip-flop 1228 outputs a signal 1266 to the gate driver 1230. In yetanother example, the gate driver 1230 outputs a gate drive signal 1268through the terminal 1244 (e.g., terminal gate) to drive the powerswitch 508.

According to yet another embodiment, with a certain output load, thedisturbance to the peak values of the current 1254 can be determinedbased on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\; I_{pk}} = {\frac{V_{{FB}\_{jitter}}}{R_{sense}} \times \frac{R_{1}}{R_{1}R_{2}}}} & \left( {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 9} \right)\end{matrix}$where ΔI_(pk) represents the disturbance to the peak values of thecurrent 1254, V_(FB) _(_) _(jitter) represents the voltage-jitteringsignal 1270, and R_(sense) represents the resistance of the resistor518. Additionally, R₁ represents the resistance of the resistor 1236,and R₂ represents the resistance of the resistor 1238.

For example, the peak values of the current 1254 are disturbed by thevoltage-jittering signal 1270. Hence, the switching frequency of thesystem 1200 jitters according to certain embodiments. In anotherexample, the voltage-jittering signal 1270 changes over time. In yetanother example, the amplitude of the voltage-jittering signal 1270changes continuously over time. In yet another example, the amplitude ofthe voltage jittering signal 1270 is randomly determined (e.g.,pseudo-randomly determined).

FIG. 13(a) is a simplified diagram showing the amplitude of a jitteringsignal as a function of a feedback signal as shown in FIGS. 10, 11, and12 according to certain embodiments of the present invention. Thisdiagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope ofthe claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives, and modifications.

The waveform 1302 represents the amplitude of a jittering signal as afunction of a feedback signal. For example, the jittering signal is thevoltage jittering signal 1070, the current-jittering signal 1170, or thevoltage-jittering signal 1270, and the feedback signal is the feedbacksignal 1050, the feedback signal 1150, or the feedback signal 1250,respectively. In another example, predetermined values V₀ and V₁ satisfy0≤V₀≤V₁. The voltage jittering signal 1270 is used as an example in thefollowing discussion. That is, as an example, the waveform 1302represents the amplitude of the jittering signal 1270 as a function ofthe feedback signal 1250.

According to one embodiment, if the magnitude of the feedback signal1250 (e.g., FB) is less than the predetermined value V₀, the amplitudeof the jittering signal 1270 (e.g., Amplitude) is at a low value 1304(e.g., approximately zero) as shown by the waveform 1302. For example,if the magnitude of the feedback signal 1250 is no less than thepredetermined value V₀ and no larger than the predetermined value V₁,the amplitude of the jittering signal 1270 increases from the low value1304 (e.g., at V₀) to a high value 1306 (e.g., at V₁), as shown by thewaveform 1302. In another example, the amplitude of the jittering signal1270 increases from the low value 1304 (e.g., at V₀) to the high value1306 (e.g., at V₁) corresponding to a linear or non-linear function ofthe feedback signal 1250. In another example, if the magnitude of thefeedback signal 1250 is larger than the predetermined value V₁, theamplitude of the jittering signal 1270 remains approximately at the highvalue 1306 as shown by the waveform 1302.

According to another embodiment, the magnitude of the feedback signal1250 represents the output load of the system 1200. For example, theamplitude of the jittering signal 1270 reduces with the output load ifthe magnitude of the feedback signal 1250 is no less than thepredetermined value V₀ and no larger than the predetermined value V₁. Inanother example, the disturbance to the peak values of the current 1254reduces with the output load. In yet another example, the amplitude ofthe switching frequency jittering of the system 1200 remainsapproximately constant with different output loads.

As discussed above and further emphasized here, FIG. 13(a) is merely anexample, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One ofordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives,and modifications. For example, the horizontal axis represents a currentsensing signal, so that FIG. 13(a) is a simplified diagram showing theamplitude of a jittering signal as a function of a current sensingsignal as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 according to some embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 13(b) is a simplified diagram showing a system for generating thejittering signal as a function of the feedback signal as shown in FIG.13(a) according to some embodiments of the present invention. Thisdiagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope ofthe claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives, and modifications.

The system 1308 includes a jitter modulator 1310. For example, thejittering signal is the voltage-jittering signal 1070, thecurrent-jittering signal 1170, or the voltage-jittering signal 1270, andthe feedback signal is the feedback signal 1050, the feedback signal1150, or the feedback signal 1250, respectively. The voltage jitteringsignal 1270 is used as an example in the following discussion. That is,as an example, the system 1308 generates the jittering signal 1270 as afunction of the feedback signal 1250.

According to one embodiment, the jitter modulator 1310 receives thefeedback signal 1250 (e.g. FB) and a control signal 1312. For example,the jitter modulator 1310 outputs in response the jittering signal 1270(e.g., V_(FB) _(_) _(jitter)). In another example, the magnitude of thefeedback signal 1250 represents the output load. In yet another example,the amplitude of the jittering signal 1270 reduces with the output loadif the magnitude of the feedback signal 1250 is within a predeterminedrange as shown in by the waveform 1302. In yet another example, thesystem 1308 can be used to generate the jittering signal 1070 based onthe feedback signal 1050. In yet another example, the system 1308 can beused to generate the jittering signal 1170 based on the feedback signal1150.

FIG. 13(c) is a simplified diagram showing a system for generating thejittering signal as a function of the feedback signal as shown in FIG.13(a) according to certain embodiments of the present invention. Thisdiagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope ofthe claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives, and modifications.

The system 1309 includes a jitter modulator 1314 and a low-pass filter1316. For example, the jittering signal is the voltage jittering signal1070, the current jittering signal 1170, or the voltage-jittering signal1270, and the feedback signal is the feedback signal 1050, the feedbacksignal 1150, or the feedback signal 1250, respectively. Thevoltage-jittering signal 1270 is used as an example in the followingdiscussion. That is, as an example, the system 1309 generates thejittering signal 1270 as a function of the feedback signal 1250.

According to one embodiment, the low-pass filter 1316 receives thesensed signal 1256 (e.g., V_(CS)), and generates in response a signal1320. For example, the signal 1320 is proportional to the feedbacksignal 1250. In another example, the jitter modulator 1314 receives thesignal 1320 and a control signal 1318, and outputs in response thejittering signal 1270 (e.g., V_(FB) _(_) _(jitter)). In another example,the sensed signal 1256 (e.g., V_(CS)) is determined based on thefollowing equation.V _(CS) =I _(pk) ×R _(sense)  (Equation 10)where V_(CS) represents the sensed signal 1256, I_(pk) represents thepeak values of the current 1254, and R_(sense) represents the resistanceof the resistor 518. In yet another example, the magnitude of the sensedsignal 1256 represents the output load of the system 1200. In yetanother example, the amplitude of the jittering signal 1270 changes withthe output load.

As discussed above and further emphasized here, FIG. 13(c) is merely anexample, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One ofordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives,and modifications. For example, FIG. 13(c) is a simplified diagramshowing a system for generating the jittering signal as a function ofthe current sensing signal as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 according to someembodiments of the present invention.

According to another embodiment, a system for regulating a powerconverter includes a signal processing component. The signal processingcomponent is configured to receive a first input signal and a secondinput signal, process information associated with the first input signaland the second input signal, and output a drive signal to a switch basedon at least information associated with the first input signal and thesecond input signal, the drive signal being associated with a switchingfrequency related to a power converter including the switch. The firstinput signal is associated with at least a feedback signal related to anoutput voltage of the power converter. The second input signal isassociated with at least a primary current flowing through a primarywinding of the power converter. Furthermore, the signal processingcomponent is further configured to change a peak value of the primarycurrent within a first predetermined range, and change the switchingfrequency of the power converter within a second predetermined range.For example, the system is implemented according to FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG.8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, and/or FIG. 12.

According to another embodiment, a system for regulating a powerconverter includes a comparator and a driving component. The comparatoris configured to receive a first input signal and a second input signaland generate a comparison signal based on at least informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, thefirst input signal being associated with at least a feedback signalrelated to an output voltage of a power converter, the second inputsignal including a third input signal and being associated with at leasta primary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter. The driving component is configured to receive the comparisonsignal and output a drive signal to a switch based on at leastinformation associated with the comparison signal, the drive signalbeing associated with a switching frequency related to the powerconverter including the switch. The comparator and the driving componentare configured to, in response to at least the third input signal,change a peak value of the primary current within a first predeterminedrange and change the switching frequency of the power converter within asecond predetermined range. For example, the system is implementedaccording to at least FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, and/or FIG. 9.

According to yet another embodiment, a system for regulating a powerconverter includes a comparator and a driving component. The comparatoris configured to receive a first input signal and a second input signaland generate a comparison signal based on at least informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, thefirst input signal including a third input signal and being associatedwith at least a feedback signal related to an output voltage of a powerconverter, the second input signal being associated with at least aprimary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter. The driving component is configured to receive the comparisonsignal and output a drive signal to a switch based on at leastinformation associated with the comparison signal, the drive signalbeing associated with a switching frequency related to the powerconverter including the switch. The comparator and the driving componentare configured to, in response to at least the third input signal,change a peak value of the primary current within a first predeterminedrange and change the switching frequency of the power converter within asecond predetermined range. For example, the system is implementedaccording to at least FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, and/or FIG. 12.

According to yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a powerconverter includes receiving a first input signal and a second inputsignal, the first input signal being associated with at least a feedbacksignal related to an output voltage of a power converter, the secondinput signal being associated with at least a primary current flowingthrough a primary winding of the power converter, processing informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, andoutputting a drive signal to a switch based on at least informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, thedrive signal being associated with a switching frequency related to thepower converter including the switch. The method further includeschanging, within a first predetermined range, a peak value of theprimary current, and changing, within a second predetermined range, theswitching frequency of the power converter. For example, the method isimplemented according to FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG.11, and/or FIG. 12.

In another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converterincludes receiving a first input signal and a second input signal, thefirst input signal being associated with at least a feedback signalrelated to an output voltage of a power converter, the second inputsignal including a third input signal and being associated with at leasta primary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter, processing information associated with the first input signaland the second input signal, and generating a comparison signal based onat least information associated with the first input signal and thesecond input signal. The method further includes receiving thecomparison signal, processing information associated with the comparisonsignal, and outputting a drive signal to a switch based on at leastinformation associated with the comparison signal, the drive signalbeing associated with a switching frequency related to the powerconverter including the switch. Additionally, the method includeschanging, in response to at least the third input signal, a peak valueof the primary current within a first predetermined range, and changing,in response to at least the third input signal, the switching frequencyof the power converter within a second predetermined range. For example,the method is implemented according to at least FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8,and/or FIG. 9.

In yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converterincludes receiving a first input signal and a second input signal, thefirst input signal including a third input signal and being associatedwith at least a feedback signal related to an output voltage of a powerconverter, the second input signal being associated with at least aprimary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter, processing information associated with the first input signaland the second input signal, and generating a comparison signal based onat least information associated with the first input signal and thesecond input signal. The method further includes receiving thecomparison signal, processing information associated with the comparisonsignal, and outputting a drive signal to a switch based on at leastinformation associated with the comparison signal, the drive signalbeing associated with a switching frequency related to the powerconverter including the switch. Additionally, the method includeschanging, in response to at least the third input signal, a peak valueof the primary current within a first predetermined range, and changing,in response to at least the third input signal, the switching frequencyof the power converter within a second predetermined range. For example,the method is implemented according to at least FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 10,FIG. 11, and/or FIG. 12.

For example, some or all components of various embodiments of thepresent invention each are, individually and/or in combination with atleast another component, implemented using one or more softwarecomponents, one or more hardware components, and/or one or morecombinations of software and hardware components. In another example,some or all components of various embodiments of the present inventioneach are, individually and/or in combination with at least anothercomponent, implemented in one or more circuits, such as one or moreanalog circuits and/or one or more digital circuits. In yet anotherexample, various embodiments and/or examples of the present inventioncan be combined.

Although specific embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that thereare other embodiments that are equivalent to the described embodiments.Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to belimited by the specific illustrated embodiments, but only by the scopeof the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for regulating a power converter, thesystem comprising: a signal processing component configured to: receivea first input signal and a second input signal; process informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal; andoutput a drive signal to a switch based on at least informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, thedrive signal being associated with a switching frequency related to apower converter including the switch; wherein: the first input signal isassociated with at least a feedback signal related to an output voltageof the power converter; and the second input signal is associated withat least a primary current flowing through a primary winding of thepower converter; wherein the signal processing component is furtherconfigured to: change a peak value of the primary current within a firstpredetermined range; and change the switching frequency of the powerconverter within a second predetermined range; wherein the signalprocessing component is further configured to randomly change the peakvalue of the primary current within the first predetermined range;wherein the switching frequency is inversely proportional to the peakvalue of the primary current.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein thesignal processing component is further configured to pseudo-randomlychange the peak value of the primary current within the firstpredetermined range.
 3. A system for regulating a power converter, thesystem comprising: a signal processing component configured to: receivea first input signal and a second input signal; process informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal; andoutput a drive signal to a switch based on at least informationassociated with the first input signal and the second input signal, thedrive signal being associated with a switching frequency related to apower converter including the switch; wherein: the first input signal isassociated with at least a feedback signal related to an output voltageof the power converter; and the second input signal is associated withat least a primary current flowing through a primary winding of thepower converter; wherein the signal processing component is furtherconfigured to: change a peak value of the primary current within a firstpredetermined range; and change the switching frequency of the powerconverter within a second predetermined range; wherein the signalprocessing component is further configured to randomly change theswitching frequency of the power converter within the secondpredetermined range; wherein the switching frequency is inverselyproportional to the peak value of the primary current.
 4. The system ofclaim 3 wherein the signal processing component is further configured topseudo-randomly change the switching frequency of the power converterwithin the second predetermined range.
 5. A system for regulating apower converter, the system comprising: a comparator configured toreceive a first input signal and a second input signal and generate acomparison signal based on at least information associated with thefirst input signal and the second input signal, the first input signalincluding a third input signal and being associated with at least afeedback signal related to an output voltage of a power converter, thesecond input signal being associated with at least a primary currentflowing through a primary winding of the power converter; and a drivingcomponent configured to receive the comparison signal and output a drivesignal to a switch based on at least information associated with thecomparison signal, the drive signal being associated with a switchingfrequency related to the power converter including the switch; whereinthe comparator and the driving component are configured to, in responseto at least the third input signal, change a peak value of the primarycurrent within a first predetermined range and change the switchingfrequency of the power converter within a second predetermined range;wherein: if the feedback signal is smaller than a first predeterminedvalue in magnitude, the third input signal is equal to a firstpredetermined magnitude; and if the feedback signal is larger than asecond predetermined value, the third input signal is equal to a secondpredetermined magnitude, the second predetermined value being largerthan the first predetermined value, the second predetermined magnitudebeing larger than the first predetermined magnitude.
 6. The system ofclaim 5 wherein the third input signal increases with the feedbacksignal if the feedback signal is larger than the first predeterminedvalue and smaller than the second predetermined value in magnitude. 7.The system of claim 5 and further comprising a signal generatorconfigured to receive at least the feedback signal and generate thethird input signal based on at least information associated with thefeedback signal.
 8. The system of claim 5 and further comprising acombining component configured to receive the third input signal and afourth input signal and generate the first input signal based on atleast information associated with the third input signal and the fourthinput signal, the fourth input signal being associated with at least thefeedback signal related to the output voltage of the power converter. 9.The system of claim 5 wherein the third input signal is related to avoltage-jittering signal.
 10. The system of claim 5 wherein the thirdinput signal is related to a current-jittering signal.
 11. The system ofclaim 5 wherein the driving component includes: a flip-flop componentconfigured to receive at least the comparison signal and to generate anoutput signal based on at least information associated with thecomparison signal; and a driver component configured to receive theoutput signal and generate the drive signal based on at leastinformation associated with the output signal.
 12. The system of claim 5and further comprising: a low-pass filter configured to receive a fourthinput signal and generate a filtered signal based on at leastinformation associated with the fourth input signal, the filtered signalbeing related to the feedback signal in magnitude; and a signalgenerator configured to receive at least the filtered signal andgenerate the third input signal based on at least information associatedwith the filtered signal.
 13. The system of claim 12 wherein thefiltered signal is proportional to the feedback signal in magnitude. 14.A method for regulating a power converter, the method comprising:receiving a first input signal and a second input signal, the firstinput signal including a third input signal and being associated with atleast a feedback signal related to an output voltage of a powerconverter, the second input signal being associated with at least aprimary current flowing through a primary winding of the powerconverter; processing information associated with the first input signaland the second input signal; generating a comparison signal based on atleast information associated with the first input signal and the secondinput signal; receiving the comparison signal; processing informationassociated with the comparison signal; outputting a drive signal to aswitch based on at least information associated with the comparisonsignal, the drive signal being associated with a switching frequencyrelated to the power converter including the switch; changing, inresponse to at least the third input signal, a peak value of the primarycurrent within a first predetermined range; and changing, in response toat least the third input signal, the switching frequency of the powerconverter within a second predetermined range; wherein: if the feedbacksignal is smaller than a first predetermined value in magnitude, thethird input signal is equal to a first predetermined magnitude; and ifthe feedback signal is larger than a second predetermined value, thethird input signal is equal to a second predetermined magnitude, thesecond predetermined value being larger than the first predeterminedvalue, the second predetermined magnitude being larger than the firstpredetermined magnitude.